✶ Federal Law 20-FZ · articles 88–89 · 225 list seats
226 of 450.
Half the State Duma is elected by nationwide party lists. A list needs 5% of everyone who took part, and the 225 seats are then shared in proportion to the votes of the lists that got in. Change the votes, the invalid ballots or the threshold below; the 225 district seats stay as they were won in 2026.
Sliders run on a square-root scale so small parties stay adjustable; type exact numbers in the boxes.
| List | Votes | % of participants | Status | Votes ÷ quotient | Whole seats | Remainder | +1 | List seats | Districts (2026) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Starts from the CEC's 2026 list votes. "Equal five" gives the five lists that won seats the same vote each (their combined total ÷ 5). District seats are fixed at the 2026 results; changing list votes in reality would change some of those races too, which we do not try to model.
The method, with the 2026 numbers
From 67,202,227 ballots
to 225 seats.
- 1 · The base 67,202,227
Everyone who took part: 66,288,656 valid votes for the ten lists plus 913,571 invalid ballots. Invalid ballots count in the base, which makes the threshold slightly harder to reach than a share of valid votes would.
- 2 · The 5% line 3,360,112
Votes needed to pass. 5 lists cleared it; the lowest, A Just Russia – For Truth, by 229,694 votes (5.34%). The best of the rest was Party of Pensioners with 1.91%.
- 3 · The safety rules 93.7%
Share of participants held by the lists that passed. Had it been 50% or less, the next lists in vote order would have been admitted until the total exceeded 50%; had only one list passed, the runner-up would join it. Neither rule was needed in 2026.
- 4 · The first electoral quotient 279,928.26
Votes per seat: the 62,983,859 votes of the admitted lists ÷ 225. Each list's votes are divided by this number.
- 5 · Whole seats, then remainders 222 + 3
The whole parts give 222 seats. The 3 left over go to the largest fractional remainders: A Just Russia – For Truth (0.824), New People (0.766), United Russia (0.745). This is the Hare–Niemeyer, or largest-remainder, method.
| List | Votes | ÷ 279,928.26 | Whole | Remainder | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Russia | 39,118,497 | 139.7447 | 139 | 0.7447 +1 | 140 |
| Communist Party | 9,051,776 | 32.3361 | 32 | 0.3361 | 32 |
| LDPR | 5,970,578 | 21.3290 | 21 | 0.3290 | 21 |
| New People | 5,253,202 | 18.7662 | 18 | 0.7662 +1 | 19 |
| A Just Russia – For Truth | 3,589,806 | 12.8240 | 12 | 0.8240 +1 | 13 |
Our computation reproduces the CEC's official list seats exactly. The law then splits each party's seats between its federal top names and its regional groups by the same largest-remainder logic, and seats refused by candidates pass down the list. We do not model that step.
The threshold over time
Five, seven,
five again.
- 1993–2003 Mixed, 5% 225 list seats and 225 districts; four elections. Largest party: 1993 Independent (self-nominated) 135 · 1995 Communist Party 157 · 1999 Communist Party 113 · 2003 United Russia 223
- 2007–2011 All-list, 7% 450 seats by party lists only; no district seats, no independents. Largest party: 2007 United Russia 315 · 2011 United Russia 238
- 2016– Mixed, 5% Federal Law 20-FZ of 2014 restored 225 + 225 with a 5% line. Largest party: 2016 United Russia 343 · 2021 United Russia 324 · 2026 United Russia 349
Our arithmetic: with a 7% line, the 2026 list votes would have shut out A Just Russia – For Truth, and United Russia would have held 357 seats with its 2026 districts. Voters would likely have behaved differently under a different rule, so this shows the arithmetic only.
Majorities
What the
numbers unlock.
- 226 Simple majority of all 450 deputies: ordinary federal laws, approving the Prime Minister and, since 2020, most ministers.
- 300 Two-thirds: federal constitutional laws, constitutional amendments (which also need the Federation Council and regional legislatures), overriding a presidential veto, bringing impeachment charges.
- 338 Three-quarters of the Duma. Since 1993 one party has reached it in 2016 (United Russia, 343), 2026 (United Russia, 349).